内容摘要： 通过对塔林和里加的国家教育政策的竞争性的实现的分析，本文探讨了少数民族城市级别和国家级别的政治表达之间的关系。参照美国在此议题上的辩论，本文提出如下问题：少数民族融合到城市权力机构对少数民族实质的代表性可以发挥什么角色？塔林和里加的案例比较揭示了此问题的两个潜在的答案。里加的案例描述了城市级别代表怎样可以成为选择性的渠道，通过它，少数民族可对国家政府施加压力，求得在国家的民主空间里放大他们的政治声音；相反，塔林的案例描述了一个市政当局可以成为一个可选的代表性的核心，它不保证少数民族获得权利，相反它使少数民族停滞于当地级别在绝对的理解（或至少党派得到少数民族的选票）：少数民族可以在本地有自己的“份额”，但他不能够希望影响国家政策。两个案例的比较揭示了在爱沙尼亚和拉脱维亚民主辩论有关少数民族的“声音”的不同立法层次，显示了少数民族城市级别融合的两个模型的风险和机会。

Abstract: This article explores the relationship between minority city-level and state-level political representations through the analysis of the contested implementation of state education policies in Tallinn and Riga. Referring to the US debate on this issue, the article asks what role minority incorporation into city-level power structures can play for its substantive representation. The comparison between Tallinn and Riga reveals two potential answers to this question. The case of Riga illustrates how city-level representation can be an alternative representative channel through which the minority can put pressure on state government and magnify its political voice within the country’s democratic space. On the contrary, the case of Tallinn illustrates how a municipality can be alternative locus of representation, which does not guarantee minority empowerment but rather entraps the minority at the local level within the implicit understanding that the minority (or at least the parties get the minority vote) can ‘have its share’ locally, but it cannot hope to influence state policies. The comparison between the two cases reveals the different levels of legitimacy of the minority’s voice in the democratic debate of Estonia and Latvia, and show the risks and opportunities linked to the two models of minority city level incorporation.

关键词：少数民族，代表，城市政策，民主，波罗的海国家;

Keyword: minorities, representation, urban policies, democracy, Baltic States;

作者：Licia Cianetti(著), 周学文(译)(中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所,)

来源： 《Nationalities. 2014, November》 第6期