内容摘要： 摘要：在伊拉克和黎凡特的伊斯兰国(ISIL)利用互联网作为一个现代准国家真正的宣传机器，他们通过可怕的在线视频，旅行手册和精致的推特（Twitter）信息，在本土情节达到顶峰的时候，隐蔽但有效和有目标地针对年轻西方穆斯林培养激进主义。这些轻率的新进入者闯入了充斥着随心所欲的极端分子和网络仇恨者的世界，加入了种族主义者、其他信仰的宗教极端分子、回教反对者、支持者单一问题以及反政府的雄辩家和阴谋论者的群体。面对这些新出现的挑衅者的危险，然而，也并不意味着他们代表的观点被美国穆斯林广泛接受。但是，早期极端的萨拉菲斯特派的成功扩张，牢固确立了互联网作为工具来快速激进化、训练和增加联络，但是只有少量的被剥夺权利的或不稳定的年轻人加入暴力团体。美国宪法第一修正案提供对言论表达的保护、对西方政策和文化的轻蔑、扭曲的原教旨主义和这些极端互联网早期招募者最初的成功，总之，为我们今天所看到的、无处不在的和富有经验的网络激进活动铺平了道路。

Abstract: Abstract: Before the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) leveraged the Internet into a truly modern quasi-state propaganda machine through horrendous online videos, travel handbooks, and sophisticated Twitter messengering, more humble yet highly effective precursors targeted youthful Western Muslims for radicalism, during a time when home grown plots peaked. These brash new entrants into the crowded freewheeling world of extremist cyber-haters joined racists, religious extremists of other faiths, Islamophobes, single issue proponents, as well as anti-government rhetoriticians and conspiracists. The danger from these evolving new provocateurs, then and now, is not that they represent a viewpoint that is widely shared by American Muslims. However, the earlier successful forays by extremist Salafists, firmly established the Internet as a tool to rapidly radicalize, train and connect a growing, but small number of disenfranchised or unstable young people to violence. The protections that the First Amendment provide to expression in the United States, contempt for Western policies and culture, contorted fundamentalism, and the initial successes of these early extremist Internet adopters, outlined here, paved the way for the ubiquitous and sophisticated online radicalization efforts we see today.

作者： Levin, Brian, 周学文(译)

来源： 《AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST 卷: 59 期: 12 特刊:》 2015年